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Physics

CAIE2024

Fluorine-18 (18F) decays by beta-plus (β+) emission with a half-life of 110 minutes.

Question

Physics

CAIE2024

693 decay constant λ = t

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Physics

CAIE2024

(a) (i) State the name of the beta-plus particle. ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Show that the decay constant of fluorine-18 is 1.05 × 10–4 s–1. [1] (iii) Determine the activity of 2.1 × 10–12 kg of fluorine-18. activity = .................................................... Bq [3] (b) A small sample of fluorine-18 injected into the body acts as a tracer for use in medical imaging. (i) Describe how the interaction of a β + particle with an electron in the body enables the formation of an image. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (ii) Suggest why 110 minutes is a suitable half-life for a nuclide used as a tracer in medical diagnosis. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] [Total: 10] © UCLES 2024 (cid:300) (cid:300) (cid:207) (cid:224) (cid:266) (cid:192) (cid:190) (cid:250) (cid:288) (cid:210) (cid:180) (cid:286) (cid:237) (cid:280) (cid:200) (cid:280) (cid:245) (cid:224) (cid:207) (cid:263) (cid:298) (cid:256) (cid:197) (cid:283) (cid:266) (cid:269) (cid:223) (cid:196) (cid:252) (cid:292) (cid:184) (cid:233) (cid:260) (cid:272) (cid:215) (cid:258) 9702/43/O/N/24 [Turn over (cid:293)(cid:229)(cid:229)(cid:213)(cid:245)(cid:277)(cid:261)(cid:213)(cid:213)(cid:293)(cid:261)(cid:261)(cid:261)(cid:181)(cid:293)(cid:245)(cid:213)(cid:213) NIGRAM SIHT NI ETIRW TON OD NIGRAM SIHT NI ETIRW TON OD NIGRAM SIHT NI ETIRW TON OD NIGRAM SIHT NI ETIRW TON OD NIGRAM SIHT NI ETIRW TON OD PMT * 0000800000022 *

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Physics

Edexcel2024

T = 2π k Nuclear radiation l T = 2π g Mass-energy ΔE = c2Δm END OF DATA, FORMULAE AND RELATIONSHIPS LIST

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Physics

Edexcel2024

(i) In a textbook, it states that an alpha particle with this energy would be brought to rest when it reached a distance of 5.0 × 10−14 m from the centre of the gold nucleus (197Au).

Question

Physics

CAIE2024

(a) (i) State the name of the beta-plus particle. ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Show that the decay constant of fluorine-18 is 1.05 × 10–4 s–1. [1] (iii) Determine the activity of 2.1 × 10–12 kg of fluorine-18. activity = .................................................... Bq [3] (b) A small sample of fluorine-18 injected into the body acts as a tracer for use in medical imaging. (i) Describe how the interaction of a β + particle with an electron in the body enables the formation of an image. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (ii) Suggest why 110 minutes is a suitable half-life for a nuclide used as a tracer in medical diagnosis. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] [Total: 10] © UCLES 2024 (cid:300) (cid:300) (cid:207) (cid:223) (cid:266) (cid:285) (cid:190) (cid:250) (cid:288) (cid:218) (cid:180) (cid:288) (cid:237) (cid:299) (cid:200) (cid:242) (cid:245) (cid:222) (cid:207) (cid:246) (cid:298) (cid:260) (cid:197) (cid:254) (cid:266) (cid:191) (cid:223) (cid:290) (cid:249) (cid:265) (cid:184) (cid:202) (cid:260) (cid:276) (cid:215) (cid:258) 9702/41/O/N/24 [Turn over (cid:293)(cid:197)(cid:293)(cid:213)(cid:181)(cid:181)(cid:229)(cid:277)(cid:181)(cid:261)(cid:213)(cid:197)(cid:197)(cid:245)(cid:197)(cid:277)(cid:277)(cid:213) NIGRAM SIHT NI ETIRW TON OD NIGRAM SIHT NI ETIRW TON OD NIGRAM SIHT NI ETIRW TON OD NIGRAM SIHT NI ETIRW TON OD NIGRAM SIHT NI ETIRW TON OD PMT * 0000800000022 *

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Physics

CAIE2024

Fluorine-18 (18F) decays by beta-plus (β+) emission with a half-life of 110 minutes.

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Physics

CAIE2023

The isotopes Radium-224 (224Ra) and Radium-226 (226Ra) both undergo spontaneous

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Physics

CAIE2023

88 α-particle decay. The energy of the α-particles emitted from Radium-224 is 5.68MeV and from Radium-226, 4.78MeV. (a) (i) State what is meant by the decay constant of a radioactive nucleus. [2] (ii) Suggest, with a reason, which of the two isotopes has the larger decay constant. [3] (b) Radium-224 has a half-life of 3.6 days. (i) Calculate the decay constant of Radium-224, stating the unit in which it is measured. decay constant = [2] (ii) Determine the activity of a sample of Radium-224 of mass 2.24 mg. activity = Bq [4] © UCLES 2005 9702/04/SPECIMEN PAPER [Turn over PPPMMMTTT For

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Physics

Edexcel2023

T = 2π k Nuclear radiation l T = 2π g Mass‑energy ΔE = c2Δm

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Physics

Edexcel2022

An alpha particle with initial kinetic energy 8.8 × 10−13 J approaches a nucleus of a gold (197Au) atom.

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Physics

Edexcel2022

T = 2π k Nuclear radiation l T = 2π g Mass‑energy ΔE = c2Δm 

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Physics

CAIE2022

( c ) (cid:54)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:72) (cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71) (cid:72)(cid:91)(cid:83)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:76)(cid:81) (cid:90)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72)(cid:85) (cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72) (cid:69)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74) (cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:74)(cid:92) (cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:85) (cid:81)(cid:88)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:82)(cid:81) (cid:82)(cid:73) (cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:88)(cid:80)(cid:16)(cid:21)(cid:22)(cid:24) (cid:11)235U(cid:12) (cid:76)(cid:86) (cid:74)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:15)

Question

Physics

CAIE2022

0 42 57 0 ( b) ( i) (cid:54)(cid:75)(cid:82)(cid:90) (cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:87) (cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72) (cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:74)(cid:92) (cid:72)(cid:84)(cid:88)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87) (cid:87)(cid:82) (cid:20)(cid:17)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:3031)(cid:88) (cid:76)(cid:86) (cid:28)(cid:22)(cid:23)(cid:3031)(cid:48)(cid:72)(cid:57)(cid:17) [3 ] ( ii) (cid:38)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:70)(cid:88)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:72) (cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72) (cid:69)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74) (cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:74)(cid:92) (cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:85) (cid:81)(cid:88)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:15) (cid:76)(cid:81) (cid:48)(cid:72)(cid:57)(cid:15) (cid:82)(cid:73) (cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:88)(cid:80)(cid:16)(cid:20)(cid:22)(cid:28) (cid:11)139La) .

Question

Physics

CAIE2022

0e 5 .49 × 10– 4 −1 ( a) (cid:50)(cid:81)(cid:72) (cid:81)(cid:88)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:68)(cid:85) (cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81) (cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:87) (cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:81) (cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:78)(cid:72) (cid:83)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:72) (cid:76)(cid:81) (cid:68) (cid:81)(cid:88)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:68)(cid:85) (cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:82)(cid:85) (cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:92) (cid:69)(cid:72) (cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:15) (cid:76)(cid:81) (cid:83)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:15) (cid:69)(cid:92) (cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72) (cid:72)(cid:84)(cid:88)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81) (cid:86)(cid:75)(cid:82)(cid:90)(cid:81) (cid:69)(cid:72)(cid:79)(cid:82)(cid:90)(cid:17) (cid:38)(cid:82)(cid:80)(cid:83)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:72) (cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72) (cid:72)(cid:84)(cid:88)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:17) 235U+1n $95Mo+139La+21n+....................+energy. [1]

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Physics

CAIE2022

1n 1.008 6 3

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Physics

CAIE2022

(cid:39)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:68) (cid:73)(cid:82)(cid:85) (cid:68) (cid:81)(cid:88)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:88)(cid:86) (cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71) (cid:86)(cid:82)(cid:80)(cid:72) (cid:83)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:86) (cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:72) (cid:74)(cid:76)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:81) (cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:55)(cid:68)(cid:69)(cid:79)(cid:72) (cid:28)(cid:17)(cid:20)(cid:17) Table 9. 1 (cid:81)(cid:88)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:88)(cid:86) (cid:82)(cid:85) (cid:83)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:72) (cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:86)(cid:86)(cid:3031)(cid:18)(cid:3031)(cid:88) 139La 13 8 .95 5

Question

Physics

CAIE2022

(cid:72)(cid:84)(cid:88)(cid:68)(cid:79) (cid:87)(cid:82) (cid:82)(cid:85) (cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:86) (cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:81) (cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72) (cid:69)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74) (cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:74)(cid:92) (cid:83)(cid:72)(cid:85) (cid:81)(cid:88)(cid:70)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:82)(cid:81) (cid:82)(cid:73) (cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:88)(cid:80)(cid:16)(cid:20)(cid:22)(cid:28) (cid:11)139La) .

Question

Physics

Edexcel2022

Which of the following is an equation for the closest distance r, in metres, between the alpha particle and the nucleus?  2 × 1.6 × 10 −19 × 79 × 1.6 × 10 −19  A r = 8.99 × 109   8.8 × 10 −13  

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Physics

Edexcel2021

T = 2π k Nuclear radiation l T = 2π g Mass-energy ΔE = c2Δm

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Physics

Edexcel2021

The aluminium foil had the same thickness as the gold foil and the alpha particles had the same initial kinetic energy. The following observations were made. Observation 1: The fraction of alpha particles scattered at any particular angle for aluminium foil was always much less than for gold foil. Observation 2: The alpha particles scattered from aluminium foil had less kinetic energy than the alpha particles scattered from gold foil. Explain how these observations can be used to deduce how an aluminium nucleus compares to a gold nucleus. (4) .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. (Total for Question 15 = 12 marks)

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Physics

Edexcel2021

*P67096A03132* PMT Nuclear and particle physics Radioactive decay A = λN In a magnetic field dN p = −λN r = dt BQ ln 2 λ = t ½ Thermodynamics N = N e−λt Heating 0 A = A e−λt

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Physics

Edexcel2021

At the beginning of the 20th century, Rutherford carried out large-angle alpha particle scattering experiments using gold (197Au) foil.

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Physics

Edexcel2021

*P67096A01932* Turn over PMT (c) Rutherford also carried out the experiment with aluminium (27Al) foil.

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Physics

Edexcel2020

T = 2π k Nuclear radiation l T = 2π g Mass-energy ΔE = c2Δm

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Physics

Edexcel2020

*P61864RA02828* PMT Nuclear and particle physics Radioactive decay A = λN In a magnetic field dN p = −λN r = dt BQ ln 2 λ = t ½ Thermodynamics N = N e−λt Heating 0 A = A e−λt

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Physics

CAIE2016

693 decay constant (cid:79) = t

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Physics

CAIE2016

88 decay. The energy of the α-particles emitted from radium-224 is 5.68 MeV and from radium-226,

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Physics

CAIE2016

The isotopes radium-224 (224Ra) and radium-226 (226Ra) both undergo spontaneous α-particle

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