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Biology
CAIE
2024
Different species of animal have neurones with different characteristics. (a) Fig. 1.1 is a diagram of a motor neurone of a rat and a motor neurone of a snail. axon (diameter of 7 μm) rat motor neurone Schwann cell C A B cell body snail motor neurone axon (diameter of 40 μm) Fig. 1.1 (i) Name the structures labelled A, B and C on Fig. 1.1. A ........................................................................................................................................ B ........................................................................................................................................ C ........................................................................................................................................ [3] (ii) The rat motor neurone has an impulse transmission speed of 50 m s–1. The snail motor neurone has an impulse transmission speed of 8 m s–1. Explain why the rat motor neurone has a faster impulse transmission speed than the snail motor neurone. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (cid:300)(cid:205)(cid:266)(cid:190)(cid:288)(cid:180)(cid:237)(cid:200)(cid:245)(cid:207)(cid:298)(cid:197)(cid:266)(cid:221)(cid:252)(cid:183)(cid:254)(cid:215) © UCLES 2024 (cid:300)(cid:228)(cid:200)(cid:249)(cid:206)(cid:299)(cid:246)(cid:300)(cid:212)(cid:265)(cid:255)(cid:216)(cid:260)(cid:179)(cid:191)(cid:251)(cid:277)(cid:258) 9700/43/O/N/24 (cid:293)(cid:213)(cid:293)(cid:213)(cid:245)(cid:245)(cid:261)(cid:181)(cid:181)(cid:229)(cid:261)(cid:197)(cid:261)(cid:277)(cid:229)(cid:245)(cid:181)(cid:213) NIGRAM SIHT NI ETIRW TON OD NIGRAM SIHT NI ETIRW TON OD NIGRAM SIHT NI ETIRW TON OD NIGRAM SIHT NI ETIRW TON OD NIGRAM SIHT NI ETIRW TON OD PMT * 0000800000003 *
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Biology
CAIE
2024
20 membrane 0 membrane 0 potential potential / mV −20 / mV −20 −40 −40 −60 −60 −80 −80
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Biology
CAIE
2024
n = number of individuals (both marked and
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Biology
CAIE
2024
Different species of animal have neurones with different characteristics. (a) Fig. 1.1 is a diagram of a motor neurone of a rat and a motor neurone of a snail. axon (diameter of 7 μm) rat motor neurone Schwann cell C A B cell body snail motor neurone axon (diameter of 40 μm) Fig. 1.1 (i) Name the structures labelled A, B and C on Fig. 1.1. A ........................................................................................................................................ B ........................................................................................................................................ C ........................................................................................................................................ [3] (ii) The rat motor neurone has an impulse transmission speed of 50 m s–1. The snail motor neurone has an impulse transmission speed of 8 m s–1. Explain why the rat motor neurone has a faster impulse transmission speed than the snail motor neurone. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (cid:300)(cid:205)(cid:266)(cid:190)(cid:288)(cid:180)(cid:237)(cid:200)(cid:245)(cid:207)(cid:298)(cid:197)(cid:266)(cid:221)(cid:250)(cid:184)(cid:254)(cid:215) © UCLES 2024 (cid:300)(cid:298)(cid:184)(cid:243)(cid:206)(cid:294)(cid:277)(cid:280)(cid:212)(cid:265)(cid:244)(cid:225)(cid:272)(cid:254)(cid:190)(cid:179)(cid:248)(cid:258) 9700/41/O/N/24 (cid:293)(cid:197)(cid:261)(cid:277)(cid:245)(cid:277)(cid:197)(cid:181)(cid:213)(cid:197)(cid:181)(cid:197)(cid:261)(cid:277)(cid:293)(cid:277)(cid:213)(cid:213) NIGRAM SIHT NI ETIRW TON OD NIGRAM SIHT NI ETIRW TON OD NIGRAM SIHT NI ETIRW TON OD NIGRAM SIHT NI ETIRW TON OD NIGRAM SIHT NI ETIRW TON OD PMT * 0000800000003 *
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Biology
CAIE
2024
n = number of individuals (both marked and
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Biology
CAIE
2022
(c) Some zoos use assisted reproduction techniques, such as embryo transfer, in their captive breeding programmes for endangered species. Embryo transfer has resulted in domesticated dromedary camels giving birth to wild Bactrian camel calves. Describe the procedure of embryo transfer in a mammal such as a camel. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [4] [Total: 9] © UCLES 2022 9700/43/O/N/22 [Turn over PMT
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Biology
CAIE
2022
(a) The results of investigations carried out on mitochondria show how the structure of a mitochondrion is related to its role in aerobic respiration. • Intact mitochondria (not damaged) were removed from cells. • A technique was used to remove the outer mitochondrial membrane, leaving the inner membrane intact. • The inner mitochondrial membrane was separated from the contents of the matrix so that both could be analysed. (i) The removal of the outer membranes of mitochondria involves placing the organelles in pure water. This results in the rupture (bursting) of the outer membrane. The inner mitochondrial membrane does not rupture and remains intact. Suggest and explain why the inner membrane of a mitochondrion remains intact when the organelle is placed in pure water. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (ii) Name three molecules, other than coenzymes, that are found in the mitochondrial matrix and explain their role in aerobic respiration. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (iii) The inner membrane contains a very high proportion of the molecule cardiolipin. Cardiolipin makes the membrane impermeable to some ions. Suggest why the inner membrane contains a very high proportion of cardiolipin. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] © UCLES 2022 9700/43/O/N/22 [Turn over PMT
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Biology
CAIE
2022
(b) In further experiments it was found that, in an intact mitochondrion: • there is a membrane potential across the inner mitochondrial membrane, with the matrix having a negative charge • the transport of ATP, ADP and inorganic phosphate (P) is driven by the membrane i potential across the inner membrane. Fig. 3.1 shows the location of some inner membrane carrier proteins. outer membrane (freely permeable to ATP, ADP + P) i matrix + + + + + + + + – – – – – – – + + – – + – – + – – + – – – – – – + + ADP ATP + + + H+P i – – – + + ADP ATP + H+P + + + me i m nn b e ra r ne i carrier intermembrane protein space Fig. 3.1 (i) Reduced NAD and reduced FAD transfer hydrogen atoms to carriers located in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Explain how hydrogen atoms from reduced NAD and reduced FAD lead to a membrane potential forming across the inner mitochondrial membrane during oxidative phosphorylation. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [4] © UCLES 2022 9700/43/O/N/22 PMT
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