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Biology

CAIE2024

The mammalian kidney is responsible for: • the excretion of urea • osmoregulation (the homeostatic control of the water potential of the blood). (a) (i) Outline how and where the excretory product urea is made in the body. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (ii) Homeostatic control of the water potential of blood includes receptors, effectors and target cells. Identify the names and locations of these components of homeostatic control in osmoregulation. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (b) The glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule of the nephron are important in the formation of urine. Outline the role of the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule in the formation of urine. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [3] (cid:300)(cid:209)(cid:266)(cid:190)(cid:288)(cid:180)(cid:237)(cid:200)(cid:245)(cid:207)(cid:298)(cid:197)(cid:266)(cid:223)(cid:250)(cid:184)(cid:256)(cid:215) © UCLES 2024 (cid:300)(cid:228)(cid:198)(cid:252)(cid:220)(cid:297)(cid:296)(cid:241)(cid:225)(cid:267)(cid:238)(cid:256)(cid:222)(cid:293)(cid:300)(cid:251)(cid:293)(cid:258) 9700/43/O/N/24 (cid:293)(cid:293)(cid:245)(cid:277)(cid:181)(cid:213)(cid:229)(cid:181)(cid:181)(cid:213)(cid:213)(cid:261)(cid:261)(cid:181)(cid:229)(cid:181)(cid:197)(cid:213) NIGRAM SIHT NI ETIRW TON OD NIGRAM SIHT NI ETIRW TON OD NIGRAM SIHT NI ETIRW TON OD NIGRAM SIHT NI ETIRW TON OD NIGRAM SIHT NI ETIRW TON OD PMT * 0000800000013 *

Question

Biology

CAIE2022

6 ( c ) The concentration of creatinine in the blood largely depends on the glomerular filtration rate ( G F R) . By measuring the concentration of creatinine in the blood, the G F R can therefore be estimated. The value of the G F R can be used to assess the efficiency of the kidneys. (cid:44)(cid:81) (cid:75)(cid:88)(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:86)(cid:15) (cid:68) (cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:80)(cid:68)(cid:79) (cid:89)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:88)(cid:72) (cid:82)(cid:73) (cid:87)(cid:75)(cid:72) (cid:42)(cid:41)(cid:53) (cid:76)(cid:86) (cid:20)(cid:19)(cid:19)(cid:3031)(cid:70)(cid:80)3 (cid:3031)(cid:80)(cid:76)(cid:81)– 1. F ig. 5 .2 shows the relationship between the G F R and the concentration of creatinine in the blood.

Question

Biology

CAIE2016

(a) The human kidneys process 1200 cm3 of blood every minute. This 1200 cm3 of blood contains 700 cm3 of plasma. As this blood passes through the glomeruli of the kidneys, 125 cm3 of fl uid passes into the renal capsules (Bowman’s capsules). This fl uid is called the glomerular fi ltrate and is produced by a process is called ultrafi ltration. (i) Calculate the percentage of plasma that passes into the renal capsules. Show your working and give your answer to one decimal place. answer ...................................................... % [2] (ii) Explain how the structure of the glomerular capillaries is adapted for ultrafi ltration. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................................... [2] (b) Explain why the epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubule have many mitochondria in them. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................................. [2] (c) Of the 125 cm3 of glomerular fi ltrate that enters the renal capsules each minute, only 45 cm3 reaches the loops of Henle. Name two substances that are reabsorbed into the blood from the proximal convoluted tubule, apart from water. ................................................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................................. [2] [Total: 8] © UCLES 2014 9700/04/SP/16 PPMMTT

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